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Key takeaways
Infrastructure security plays a crucial role in keeping businesses running smoothly by protecting both physical and digital assets. From safeguarding servers and hardware to securing cloud environments and sensitive data, it forms the foundation of a reliable cybersecurity strategy.
This article delves into the key aspects of infrastructure security, including its components, common threats, and effective practices. By understanding and implementing these strategies, organizations can better protect their operations and maintain resilience against potential risks.
Infrastructure security refers to the measures and strategies employed to protect an organization’s digital and physical infrastructure assets from a variety of threats, including cyberattacks, unauthorized access, natural disasters, and other disruptive events. These protective measures aim to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of critical infrastructure systems and data, which are vital for business operations.
The assets encompassed by infrastructure security include:
These components form the backbone of an organization’s technology infrastructure, enabling everything from internal communications to customer-facing services.
In addition to focusing on direct threats like malware, phishing, and ransomware, infrastructure security also addresses broader risks such as equipment failure, human error, and physical breaches. It involves creating a comprehensive security framework that combines technology, policies, and processes to safeguard assets, ensure compliance with data protection regulations, and maintain operational continuity.
The security of your infrastructure is critical. Threats can come from all directions (including internally) from malicious cybercriminals and state actors to natural disasters such as fires and floods. If your infrastructure is not adequately secured, organizations risk business disruption, financial losses, legal penalties and a damaged brand reputation.
Let’s look at the threat in numbers, according to the 2025 Verizon Data Breach Investigation Report:
So, what components of the infrastructure need security? How do you secure your infrastructure? What are best practices for infra security? Let’s answer these important questions.
A technology stack can be categorized in several abstraction layers, and each requires a unique set of security measures against a range of security threats. The OSI model defines 7 conceptual layers of the interconnected technology stack. Let’s align the 7 layers of the OSI model that serves as a conceptual framework for defining an end-to-end infrastructure environment, in terms of three domain levels of security.
The infrastructure assets must be secured against physical threats from malicious actors and natural disasters. The measures can include:
These measures protect components in the Layer 1: Physical Layer of the OSI model. The components include switches, power supplies, HVAC, cables and the wider building infrastructure.
The same physical security measures extend to the Layer 2: Data Link Layer and Layer 3: Network Layer of the OSI model.
Layer 2 deals with MAC addresses and switching and is vulnerable to cyber-attacks such as MAC spoofing and ARP poisoning. These can be secured by measures such as:
Layer 3 handles IP addresses and routing. Infrastructure components such as routers, firewalls, VPN gateways, load balancers and monitoring tools are involved. The common threats facing this layer include routing attacks, IP spoofing, DDoS attacks, and man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks.
The following hardware and network security measures can help enhance infrastructure security at Layer 2 and Layer 3:
The Layer 4: Transport Layer of the OSI reference model handles end-to-end network communication using protocols such as TCP and UDP. The Layer 5: Session Layer of the OSI model manages and controls the authenticity, integrity and reliability of the communication sessions.
Both layers have an important role in data communication between applications and software systems running across the data center and cloud-based infrastructure environments. Infrastructure systems operating within these conceptual layers suffer from exploits that specifically target network protocols in Layer 4 and network sessions in Layer 5.
For example, Layer 4 attacks include TCP/UDP flooding, port scanning attacks to discover vulnerabilities and RST injection. Layer 5 attacks include session hijacking, session fixation and timeout, lack of session encryptions and concurrent session abuse.
The following infrastructure security measures are effective against these threats:
Layer 6: Presentation Layer and Layer 7: Application Layer handle data transmission between applications components that may run independently and communicate across servers.
At the presentation layer, security controls ensure that all security sensitive information is encrypted. The Application Layer interfaces applications to the end-user, and is secured with measures such as access controls and firewalls.
Lastly, the data itself must be secured with additional measures. While not part of the infrastructure itself, the data breach is a common end-goal for infrastructure infringement. Measures such as Identity and Access Controls (IAC) that follow the Principle of Least Privilege access should be enforced across all levels and domains of your infrastructure security.
Organizations face a wide array of threats to their infrastructure, ranging from traditional cyberattacks to physical breaches. Some of the most common threats include:
A variety of tools and solutions can strengthen infrastructure security:
To efficiently protect infrastructure, organizations should adopt a comprehensive set of best practices:
With the cloud everywhere, securing infrastructure in the cloud presents unique challenges. Unlike traditional infrastructure, cloud environments operate under a shared responsibility model, where the cloud provider secures the infrastructure while the organization remains responsible for securing its data, configurations, and access controls.
Challenges such as this complicate cloud security:
Organizations must adopt robust measures to address these challenges, including user management, data encryption, and proper configuration of security tools.
On a national scale, infrastructure security takes on an even greater level of complexity. National infrastructure, often referred to as critical infrastructure, includes physical and digital systems such as power grids, transportation networks, water supplies, and telecommunications.
In the U.S., the Department of Homeland Security oversees critical infrastructure security through the National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP), which aims to enhance resilience and mitigate risks across sectors.
Infrastructure security serves as the foundation of an organization’s cybersecurity strategy. By protecting physical and digital assets, implementing best practices, and leveraging the right tools, businesses can minimize risks and ensure resilience against a wide range of threats.
As technology continues to evolve, infrastructure security must also adapt to address emerging challenges and safeguard the systems that organizations rely on every day.
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This posting does not necessarily represent Splunk's position, strategies or opinion.
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